The beauty and importance of old traditional orchards
(philosophical essay)
Wiesław Mądry
broszkowska@poczta.onet.plInstytut Rolnictwa, Katedra Biometrii, Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie (Poland)
Barbara Roszkowska-Mądra
Katedra Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie, Wydział Ekonomii i Finansów, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (Poland)
Abstract
Gardens near farmsteads have existed since ancient times. For centuries, the backyard garden had only a utilitarian character: it provided food, spices and medicines. From the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the peasant garden consisted of a small ornamental garden in front of the house, a vegetable garden and a small orchard. In order to establish a backyard orchard, seedlings of wild fruit trees were collected on balks and inoculated with precious material that reached the countryside through monastery and manor gardens. Since the turn of the last two centuries, along with the general significant development of industry and agriculture and the increase in the material and cultural wealth of the society, also in the countryside, more and more peasant and petty nobility as well as manor backyard orchards with a richer variety of varieties were established. For decades, these traditional orchards blended harmoniously into the diverse and picturesque rural landscapes in Poland and Europe, constituting a very important component of this space. They co-created the unique, modest but charming beauty of rural areas.
Authors
Wiesław Mądrybroszkowska@poczta.onet.pl
Instytut Rolnictwa, Katedra Biometrii, Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie Poland
Authors
Barbara Roszkowska-MądraKatedra Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie, Wydział Ekonomii i Finansów, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku Poland
Statistics
Abstract views: 146PDF downloads: 119
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Wiesław Mądry, Barbara Roszkowska-Mądra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Upon submitting the article, the Authors grant the Publisher a non-exclusive and free license to use the article for an indefinite period of time throughout the world in the following fields of use:
- Production and reproduction of copies of the article using a specific technique, including printing and digital technology.
- Placing on the market, lending or renting the original or copies of the article.
- Public performance, exhibition, display, reproduction, broadcasting and re-broadcasting, as well as making the article publicly available in such a way that everyone can access it at a place and time of their choice.
- Including the article in a collective work.
- Uploading an article in electronic form to electronic platforms or otherwise introducing an article in electronic form to the Internet or other network.
- Dissemination of the article in electronic form on the Internet or other network, in collective work as well as independently.
- Making the article available in an electronic version in such a way that everyone can access it at a place and time of their choice, in particular via the Internet.
Authors by sending a request for publication:
- They consent to the publication of the article in the journal,
- They agree to give the publication a DOI (Digital Object Identifier),
- They undertake to comply with the publishing house's code of ethics in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), (http://ihar.edu.pl/biblioteka_i_wydawnictwa.php),
- They consent to the articles being made available in electronic form under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, in open access,
- They agree to send article metadata to commercial and non-commercial journal indexing databases.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Wiesław Mądry, Dariusz Gozdowski, A history of the development of statistical methods for designing and analyzing agricultural experiments in the world and in Poland , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 288 (2020): Regular issue
- Joanna Ukalska, Krzysztof Ukalski, Tadeusz Śmiałowski, Wiesław Mądry, An examination of diversity and interrelationships among traits in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm collection by multivariate methods. Part II. Principal component analysis using the phenotypic and genotypic correlation matrix , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 249 (2008): Regular issue
- Dariusz Gozdowski, Wiesław Mądry, Zdzisław Wyszyński, Analysis of correlation and path coefficients in evaluation of relationships between grain yield and its components of two spring barley cultivars , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 248 (2008): Regular issue
- Krzysztof Ukalski, Joanna Ukalska, Tadeusz Śmiałowski, Wiesław Mądry, An examination of diversity and interrelationships among traits in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm collection by multivariate methods. Part I. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 249 (2008): Regular issue
- Marcin Studnicki, Wiesław Mądry, Tadeusz Śmiałowski, Multivariate analysis of phenotypic diversity in Polish spring wheat collection , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 252 (2009): Regular issue
- Adriana Derejko, Wiesław Mądry, Dariusz Gozdowski, Jan Rozbicki, Jan Golba, Mariusz Piechociński, Marcin Studnicki, The influence of cultivar, location, crop management intensities, and their interactions on winter wheat yield in post-registration multi-environment trials (PDO) , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 259 (2011): Regular issue
- Anna Rajfura, Wiesław Mądry, Tadeusz Drzazga, Marzena Iwańska, The clustering of locations based on multi-environment trials with different cultivars across years using the SEQRET package. Part II. An example for grain yield from winter wheat pre-registration trials , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 250 (2008): Regular issue
- Dariusz Gozdowski, Wiesław Mądry, Characteristics and empirical comparison of simple and complex path analysis in grain yield determination by yield - related traits. Part I. Presentation of methods , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 249 (2008): Regular issue
- Stanisław Pluta, Wiesław Mądry, Edward Żurawicz, Marcin Kozak, Statistical assessment of determination of fruit yield in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) by two multiplicative yield components , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 249 (2008): Regular issue
- Jakub Paderewski, Wiesław Mądry, Wiesław Pilarczyk, Tadeusz Drzazga, Retrospective study of yield response to environmental conditions in winter wheat cultivars using combined AMMI and cluster analysis to incomplete data: genetic progress for adaptability , Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute: No. 250 (2008): Regular issue
