Genotype and NaCl salinity influence Pythium ultimum damping-off in safflower
M. Pahlevani
hpahlavani@yahoo.comGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
H. Bagmohamadi
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
M. Ghaderi
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
S. E. Razavi
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Abstract
Increased seed germination and seedling growth in soils infected with damping-off pathogen, Pythium ultimum, especially under saline conditions, are important goals in safflower breeding programs. Seeds of four safflower varieties were cultured on germination media moistened with solutions of NaCl containing 105 zoospores of the pathogen per ml. NaCl concentrations were adjusted to produce salinities 0, -10, -14 and -18 bar. Analysis of variance indicated that the interactive effects of salinity, cultivar and pathogen significantly altered seed germination and seedling dry weight. In the absence of P. ultimum, increasing salinity significantly reduced seedling dry weight, but in pathogen-inoculated media, different values were observed. In the absence of salinity, the germination rate of inoculated seeds was 16.3% lower than that of non-inoculated seeds, whereas in a saline bed, the pathogen increased seed germination about 3.1 %. This finding clearly indicates that sodium chloride can reduce the pathogenesis of P. ultimum on safflower seedlings. The results showed that the presence of NaCl in the environment prevented rotting effects of the pathogen on seeds but intensified the mortality effect on seedlings. The simultaneous effects of salinity and pathogen reduced the usual adverse effects of either factor when applied separately. Thus, depending on amount of NaCl and/or Pythium infection present, different varieties are recommended to achieve an acceptable establishment and production.
Keywords:
germination, interaction, resistance, seed, zoosporeReferences
Ahmadi A., Pahlavani M.H., Razavi S.E., Maghsoudlo R. 2008. Evaluation of safflower genotypes to find genetic sources of resistance to damping-off (Pythium ultimum). Electronic J. Crop Production 1: 1-16.
Google Scholar
AlSadi A.M., AlMasoudi R.S., AlHabsi N., AlSaid F.A., AlRawahy S.A., Ahmed M., Deadman M.L. 2010. Effect of salinity on Pythium damping-off of cucumber and on the tolerance of Pythium aphanidermatum. Plant Pathol. 59: 112-120.
Google Scholar
Baldwin A.H., McKee K.L., Mendelssohn I.A. 1996. The influence of vegetation, salinity, and inundation on seed banks of oligohaline coastal marshes. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 470-479.
Google Scholar
Blaker N.S. , MacDonald J. D. 1985. Effect of soil salinity on the formation of sporangia and zoospores by three isolates of Phytophthora. Phytopathol. 75: 270-274.
Google Scholar
Bybordi A., Tabatabaei J. 2009. Effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling properties in canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.), Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 37: 71-76.
Google Scholar
Chowdhury N., Marschner P., Burns R.G. 2011. Soil microbial activity and community composition: impact of changes in matric and osmotic potential. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43: 1229-1236.
Google Scholar
Eberle MA., Rothrock C.S., Slaton N.A., Cartwright R. D. 2008. Role of soil salinity in rice seedling disease severity caused by Pythium species. B.R. Wells Rice Res Studies 571: 104-108.
Google Scholar
Gennari M., Abbate C., La Porta V., Baglieri A. 2007. Microbial response to Na2SO4 additions in a volcanic soil. Arid Land Research and Management 21: 211-227.
Google Scholar
Govindappa M., Lokesh S., Ravishankar Rai V., 2005. A New stem-splitting symptom in safflower caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, Journal of Phytopathology 153: 560-561.
Google Scholar
Gros R., Poly F., Jocteur-Monrozier L., Faivre P. 2003. Plant and soil microbial community responses to solid waste leachates diffusion on grassland. Plant and Soil 255: 445-455.
Google Scholar
Hajghani M., Safari M., Maghsodimod, A. 2008. The effects of the NaCl salinity on germination and seedling growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Natur. Res. 45:449-458.
Google Scholar
Howell A.B., Francois L., Erwin D.C. 1994. Interactive effect of salinity and Verticillium albo-atrum on Verticillium wilt disease severity and yield of two alfalfa cultivars. Field Crop Res, 37: 247-251.
Google Scholar
Huang H.C., Morrison R.J., Mundel H.H., Barr D.J.S. 1992. Pythium sp."group G", a form of Pythium ultimum causing damping-off of safflower. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 14: 229-232.
Google Scholar
Kolte S.J. 1985. Diseases of annual edible oilseed crops, Vol. III: Sunflower, safflower, and nigerseed diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 118 p.
Google Scholar
Kozik E., Foolad M.R., Jones R.A. 1991. Genetic analysis of resistance to Phytophthora root rot in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentim Mill.) Plant Breeding 106: 27-32.
Google Scholar
Liang Y., Chen H., Tang M.J., Shen S.H. 2007. Proteome analysis of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis under salt shock. Mycological Research 111: 939-946.
Google Scholar
Llamas D.P., Gonzales M.D., Gonzales C.I., Lopez G.R., Marquina J.C. 2008. Effects of water potential on spore germination and viability of Fusarium species. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 35: 1411-1418.
Google Scholar
MacDonald J.D. 1982. Effect of salinity stress on development of Phytophthora root rot of chrysanthemum. Phytopath. 72:214–219.
Google Scholar
Maftoun M., Sepaskhah A.R. 1978. Effect of temperature and osmotic potential on germination of sunflower and safflower and on hormone-treated sunflower seeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 58: 295-301.
Google Scholar
Maguire J.D. 1962. Speed of germination. Aid in selection and evaluation of seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Sci., 2: 176-177.
Google Scholar
Mandeel Q.A. 2006. Biodiversity of the genus Fusarium in saline soil habitats. Journal of Basic Microbiology 46: 480-494.
Google Scholar
Mohammadi A.H., Banihashemi Z. 2007. The effects of different CaCl2 levels on Verticillium wilt of pistachio under hydroponic conditions. J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Natur. Res. 45: 239-248.
Google Scholar
Mundel H.H., Huang H.C., Kozub G.C., Barr D.J.S. 1995. Effect of soil moisture and temperature on seedling emergence and incidence of Pythium damping-off in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Can J. Plant Sci. 75: 505-509.
Google Scholar
Munns R. 2005. Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytol. 167:645-663.
Google Scholar
Pahlavani M.H., Razavi S.E., Kavusi F., Hasanpoor M. 2009. Influence of temperature and genotype on Pythium damping-off in safflower. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1:001-007.
Google Scholar
Pahlavani M.H., Razavi S.E., Mirizadeh I., Vakili S. 2006. Field screening of safflower genotypes for resistance to charcoal rot disease. International J. Plant Product. 1: 45-52.
Google Scholar
Pankhurst C.E., Yu S., Hawke B.G., Harch B.D., 2001. Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 33: 204-217.
Google Scholar
Reid T.C., Hausbeck M.K., Kizilkaya K. 2001. Effect of sodium chloride on commercial asparagus and the effect of alternative forms of chloride salt on fusarium crown and root rot. Plant Dis. 85: 1271-1275.
Google Scholar
Saikachout S., Benmansour A., Jaffel K., Lecrec J.C., Rejeb M.N., Ouerghi Z. 2009. The effect of salinity on the growth of the halophyte Atriplex hortensis (Chenopodiaceae), Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 7: 319-332.
Google Scholar
Sanogo S. 2004. Response of chile pepper to Phytophthora capsici in relation to soil salinity. Plant Dis. 88: 205-209.
Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. 1996. SAS/STAT Users guide SAS Institute Inc. (Cary, NC).
Google Scholar
Siddiqi E.H., Ashraf M., Akram N.A. 2007. Variation in seed germination and seedling growth in some diverse lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salt stress, Pak. J. Bot. 39: 1937-1944.
Google Scholar
Snapp S.S., Shennan C., Bruggen A.H.C. van, 1991. Effects of salinity on severity of infection by Phytophthora parasitica Dast., ion concentrations and growth of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. New Phytol. 119: 275–284.
Google Scholar
Snedecor G.W., Cochran W.G. 1989. Statistical Methods, Eighth Edition, Iowa State University Press.
Google Scholar
Triky-Dotan S., Yermiyaho U., Katan J., Gamliel A. 2005. Development of crown and root rot disease of tomato under irrigation with saline water. Phytopathol. 95: 1438-1444.
Google Scholar
Van Bruggen A.H.C., Semenov A.M. 2000. In search of biological indicators for soil health and disease suppression. Applied Soil Ecology 15: 13-24.
Google Scholar
Van der Plaats-Niterink A.J. 1981. Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology. vol 21. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn. Pg 1-27 and 85-87.
Google Scholar
Weiss E., 1971. Castor, Sesame and Safflower. Leonard Hill, London, ch. 11.
Google Scholar
Zeinali E. 1999. Safflower (characteristics, production & utilization), Gorgan University Press, 137 p.
Google Scholar
Authors
M. Pahlevanihpahlavani@yahoo.com
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Iran, Islamic Republic of
Authors
H. BagmohamadiGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Iran, Islamic Republic of
Authors
M. GhaderiGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Iran, Islamic Republic of
Authors
S. E. RazaviGorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Iran, Islamic Republic of
Statistics
Abstract views: 101PDF downloads: 0
License
All articles published in electronic form under CC BY-SA 4.0, in open access, the full content of the licence is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.pl .
