MOLECULAR METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS AND GLOBODERA PALLIDA POPULATIONS
Anna Podlewska-Przetakiewicz
a.przetakiewicz@ihar.edu.plPlant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Breeding Institute, Research Centre Radzikow, Department of Plant Pathology, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-7112
Dorota Milczarek
PlantBreeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Research Centre Młochów, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-9038
Abstract
The cyst nematodes belonging to the genus Globodera are big worldwide problem in countries were Sola-naceaous plants growing. Knowledge of species-composition in populations of Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida is very important for selection of appropriate measure of nematode regulations occurrence. Inter- and intraspecific variability among species of Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida were studied intensively with the use of molecular analyses of DNA methods. This review summarize and compare of methods chosen to distinguishing between Globodera, both pathotypes and species.
Keywords:
Globodera, inter-and intraspecies identification, molecular methods, potato cyst nematodeReferences
Armstrong M.R., Blok V.C., Phillips M.S. 2000. A multipartite mitochondrial genome in the potato cyst nem-atode Globodera pallida. Genetics 154: 181-192.
Armstrong M.R., Husmeier D., Phillips M.S., Blok V.C. 2007. Segregation and recombination of a multipartite mitochondrial DNA in population of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Journal of Molecular Evolution 64: 689-701.
Avise J., Nelson C., William S., Charles G. 1994. Why one-kilobase sequences from mitochondrial DNA fail to solve the hoatzin phylogenetic enigma. Molecular and Phylogenetics Evolution 3(2): 175-184.
Baldwin J.G., Mundo-Ocampo M. 1991. Heteroderidae, cyst- and no-cyst forming nematodes. In: W. R. Nick-le (Ed.), Manual and Agricultural Nematology, New York, Marcel Dekker, pp. 275-362.
Baldwin J. G. 1992. Evolution of cyst and non-cyst forming Heteroderidea. Annual Review of Phytopathology 30: 271-290.
Bate J. A., Taylor E. J., Gans P.T., Thomas J.E. 2000. Determination of relative proportions of Globodera species in mixed populations of potato cyst nematodes using PCR product melting peak analy-sis. Molecular Plant Pathology 3(3): 153-161.
Bendezu I. F., Evans K., Burrows P.R., de Pomerai D., Canto-Saenz M. 1998. Inter and intra-specific genomic variability of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis from Europe and South America using RAPD-PCR. Nematologica 44: 49-61.
Birky C.W. Jr. 2008. Uniparental inheritance of organelle genes. Current Biology 18: 692-695.
Blok V.C, Phillips M.S., Harrower B.E. 1997. Comparison of British populations of potato cyst nematodes with populations from continental Europe and South America using RAPDs. Genome 40: 286-293.
Blok V.C, Malloch G., Harrower M.S., Vrain T.C. 1998. Intraspecific variation in ribosomal DNA in popula-tion of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Journal of Nematology 30(2): 262-274.
Bossis M., Mugniery D. 1993. Specific status of six Globodera parasites of solanaceous plants studied by means of two-dimentional gel electrophoresis with comparison of gel patterns by a computer system. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16: 47-56.
Boucher A.C., Mimee B., Bardou-Valette S., Belair G., Moffett P., Greiner E. 2013. Genetic diversity of the golden potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and determination of the origin of populations in Quebec, Canada. Molecular and Phylogenetic Evolution 69(1): 75-82.
Bridge J. 1992. Nematodes. In: R. J. Hillocks (Ed.), Cotton diseases, Walling Ford, UK: CSB International, pp. 331-353.
Burrows P.R., Boffey S.A. 1986. A technique for the extraction and restriction endonuclease digestion of total DNA from Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida second‐stage juveniles. Revue de Nématol-ogie 9: 199–200.
Castagnone-Sereno, P., Danchin E.G.J., Deleury E., Guillemaud T., Malausa T., Abad P. 2010. Genome-wide survey analysis of microsatellite in nematodes, with the focus on the plant-parasitic species Meladogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 11: 598.
Chrisanfova G.G., Charchevnikov D.A., Popov I.O., Zinovieva S.V., Semyenova S. K. 2008. Genetic variabil-ity and differentiation of three Russian populations of potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis as revealed by nuclear markers. Russian Journal of Genetics 44(5): 533-538.
Da Conceição I.L., Santos M.C.V., de Oliviera Abrantes I.M., de Almeida Santos M.S. 2003. Using RAPD markers to analyze genetic diversity in Portuguese potato cyst nematode populations. Nematology 5: 137-143.
de Jong A.J., Bakker J., Roos M., Gommers F.J. 1989. Repetitive DNA and hybridization patterns demon-strate extensive variability between siblings species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Parasitolo-gy 99: 133-138.
Evans K., Franco J., de Scurrah M.M. 1975. Distribution of species of potato cyst nematodes in South Ameri-ca. Nematologica 21: 365-369.
Ferris V.R., Ferris J.M. 1992. Integration of classical and molecular approaches in nematode systematics. In: F. J. Gommers and P. W. Th. Maas (Eds.), Nematology from Molecule to Ecosystems, European Society of Nematologists, Inwergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, pp. 92-100.
Ferris V.R., Ferris J.M., Faghihi J. 1991. Biological diversity from the perspective of molecular biology. In: D. C. Dudley (Ed.), The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, Portland, OR, Dioscorides Press, pp. 71-76.
Ferris V.R., Ferris J.M., Faghihi J. 1993. Variation in spacer ribosomal DNA in some cyst forming species of plant parasitic nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16: 177-184.
Folkertsma R.T., Rouppe van der Voort J.N., van Gent-Pelzer M.P.E., de Groot K.E., van den Bos W.J.R., Schots A., Bakker J., Gommers F.J. 1994. Inter- and Intraspecific variation between populations of Glo-bodera rostochinesis and G. pallida revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Genetics, 84(8): 807-811.
Folkertsma R.T., Rouppe van der Voort J.N., de Groot K.E., van Zandvoort P.M., Schots A., Gommers F.J., Helder J., Bakker J. 1996. Gene pool similarities of potato cyst nematode populations assessed by AFLP analysis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction 9: 47-54.
Fullaondo A., Barrena E., Viribay M., Barrena I., Salazar A., Ritter E. 1999. Identification of potato cyst nematode species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida by PCR using specific primer combinations. Nematology 1: 157–163.
Gemayel R., Cho J., Boeynaems S., Verstrepen K.J. 2012. Beyond junk-variable tandem repeats as facilitators of rapid evolution of regulatory and coding sequences. Genes 2012(3): 461–480.
Greiner E., Bossis M., Fouville D., Renault L., Mugniery D. 2001. Molecular approaches to the taxonomic position of Peruvian potato cyst nematodes and gene pool similarities in indigenous and imported popu-lations of Globodera. Heredity 86: 277-290.
Harrison R.G., 1989. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 6-11.
Hinch J.M., Alberdi F., Smith S.C., Woodward J.R., Evans K. 1998. Discrimination of European and Australi-an Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida pathotypes by high performance capillary electrophore-sis. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21(2): 123-128.
Hlaoua W., Horrigue-Raouani N., Fouville D., Mugniery D. 2008. Morphological and molecular characteriza-tion of potato cyst nematode populations from Tunisia and survey of their probable geographical origin. Biotechnology 7(4): 651-659.
Hoolahan A.H., Blok V.C., Gibson T., Dowton M. 2012. A comparison of three molecular markers for the identification of population of Globodera pallida. Journal of Nematology 44(1): 7-17.
Hyman B.C., Powers T.O. 1991. Integration of molecular data with systematics of plant parasiting nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 28: 89-107.
Innan H., Nordborg M. 2002. Recombination or mutational hot spots in human mtDNA?. Molecular Biology Evolution 19: 1122-1127.
Jarne P., Lagoda P.J. 1996. Microsatellites, from molecules to population and back. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11(10): 44-429.
Kivisild T., Villems R., Jorde L.B., Bamshad M., Kumar S., Hedrick P., Dowling T., Stoneking M., Parsons T.J., Irwin J.A., Awandalla P., Eyre-Walker A., Smith A. 2000. Questioning evidence for recombination in human mitochondrial DNA. Science 288: 1931a.
Kort J., Ross H., Rumpenhorst H.J., Stone A.R. 1977. An international scheme for identifying and classifying pathotypes of potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Nematologica 23: 333-339.
Manduric S., Andersson S. 2003. Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) from Swe-dish potato cultivar – an AFLP study of their genetic diversity and relationships to other European popu-lations. Nematology 5(6): 851-858.
Nakhl, M.K., Owens K.J., Li W., Wei G., Skantar A.M., Levy L. 2010. Multiplex real-time PCR assays for the identification of the potato cyst and tobacco cyst nematodes. Plant Disease 94(8): 959-965.
Nicol J.M. Turner S.J., Coyne D.L., den Nijs L., Hockland S., Maafi Z.T. 2011. Current nematode threats to world agriculture. In: J. T. Jones, G. Gheysen and C. Fenoll (Eds.), Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 21-44.
Nowaczyk K., Dobosz R., Budziszewska M., Kamasa J., Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. 2011. Analysis of diver-sity of golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) populations from Poland using molecular approaches. Journal of Phytopathology 159: 759-766.
Oro V., Oro Radovanovic V. 2012. Molecular characterization of PCN populations from Serbia. Genetika 44(1): 189-200.
Pastrik K.H., Rumpenhorst H.J., Burgermeister W. 1995. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of a Globodera pallida population selected for virulence. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18(2): 109-114.
Perez-Jimenez M., Besnard G., Dorado G., Hernandez P. 2013. Varietal tracing of virgin olive oils based on plastid DNA variation profiling. PLoS One pp. 8.
Phillips M. S., Harrower B.E., Trudgill D.L., Waugh R., Catley M.A. 1992. Genetic variation in British popu-lations of Globodera pallida as revealed by isozyme and DNA analysis. Nematologica 38: 301-319.
Phumichai C., Phumichai T., Wongkaew A. 2015. Novel chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers for ge-netic diversity assessment of cultivated and wild Hevea rubber. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 33: 1486–1498.
Plantard O., Pickard D., Valette S., Scurahh M., Greiner E., Mugniery D. 2008. Origin and genetic diversity of Western European populations of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) inferred from mito-chondrial sequences and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology 17(9): 2208-2218.
Pont-Kingdon G.A., Okada N.A., Macfarlane J.L., Beagley C.T., Wolstenholme D.R. 1995. A coral mito-chondrial mutS gene. Nature 375: 109-111.
Pypylenko L.A., Phillips M.S., Blok V.C., 2008. Characterization of two Ukrainian populations of Globodera pallida in terms of their virulence and mtDNA, and the biological assessment of a new resistant cultivar Vales Everest. Nematology 10: 585-590.
Powers T.O., Adams B. 1993. Nucleotide sequences in nematode systematics. In: F. Lamberti, C. DeGiorgi and D. McK. Bird (Ends.), Advances in Molecular Plant Nematology, London, UK. Plenum, pp. 9-118.
Powers T. 2004. Nematode molecular diagnostics: from bands to barcodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42: 367-383.
Schnick D., Rumpenhorst H.J., Burgermeister W. 1990. Differentiation of closely related Globodera pallida (Stone) populations by means of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Journal of Phytopathology 130: 127-136.
Shield R., Fleming C.C., Stratford R. 1996. Identification of potato cyst nematode using the polymerase chain reaction. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19(2): 167-174.
Subbotin S.A., Halford P.D., Warry A., Perry R. 2000. Variation in ribosomal DNA sequences and phylogeny of Globodera parasitizing solanaceous plants. Nematology 2(6): 561-604.
Subbotin S.A., Moens M. 2006. Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny. In: R. N. Perry and M. Moens (Eds.), Plant Nematology, Wallingford, UK. CAB International, pp. 40-721.
Thiery M., Mugniery D. 2000. Microsatellite loci in the phytoparasitic nematode Globodera. Genome 43(1): 160-165.
Vos P., Hogers R., Blekker M., Reijans M., van de Lee T., Hornes M., Frijters A., Pot J., Peleman J., Kuiper M. 1995. AFLP: a new technique to DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research 23(21): 4407-4414.
Welsh J., McClelland M. 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 7213-7218.
Zabeau M., Vos P. 1993. Selective restriction fragment amplification: A general method for DNA fingerprint-ing. European Patent Application, No.: 92402629.7. Publication number EP 0534858. Google Scholar
Armstrong M.R., Husmeier D., Phillips M.S., Blok V.C. 2007. Segregation and recombination of a multipartite mitochondrial DNA in population of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Journal of Molecular Evolution 64: 689-701.
Avise J., Nelson C., William S., Charles G. 1994. Why one-kilobase sequences from mitochondrial DNA fail to solve the hoatzin phylogenetic enigma. Molecular and Phylogenetics Evolution 3(2): 175-184.
Baldwin J.G., Mundo-Ocampo M. 1991. Heteroderidae, cyst- and no-cyst forming nematodes. In: W. R. Nick-le (Ed.), Manual and Agricultural Nematology, New York, Marcel Dekker, pp. 275-362.
Baldwin J. G. 1992. Evolution of cyst and non-cyst forming Heteroderidea. Annual Review of Phytopathology 30: 271-290.
Bate J. A., Taylor E. J., Gans P.T., Thomas J.E. 2000. Determination of relative proportions of Globodera species in mixed populations of potato cyst nematodes using PCR product melting peak analy-sis. Molecular Plant Pathology 3(3): 153-161.
Bendezu I. F., Evans K., Burrows P.R., de Pomerai D., Canto-Saenz M. 1998. Inter and intra-specific genomic variability of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis from Europe and South America using RAPD-PCR. Nematologica 44: 49-61.
Birky C.W. Jr. 2008. Uniparental inheritance of organelle genes. Current Biology 18: 692-695.
Blok V.C, Phillips M.S., Harrower B.E. 1997. Comparison of British populations of potato cyst nematodes with populations from continental Europe and South America using RAPDs. Genome 40: 286-293.
Blok V.C, Malloch G., Harrower M.S., Vrain T.C. 1998. Intraspecific variation in ribosomal DNA in popula-tion of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Journal of Nematology 30(2): 262-274.
Bossis M., Mugniery D. 1993. Specific status of six Globodera parasites of solanaceous plants studied by means of two-dimentional gel electrophoresis with comparison of gel patterns by a computer system. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16: 47-56.
Boucher A.C., Mimee B., Bardou-Valette S., Belair G., Moffett P., Greiner E. 2013. Genetic diversity of the golden potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and determination of the origin of populations in Quebec, Canada. Molecular and Phylogenetic Evolution 69(1): 75-82.
Bridge J. 1992. Nematodes. In: R. J. Hillocks (Ed.), Cotton diseases, Walling Ford, UK: CSB International, pp. 331-353.
Burrows P.R., Boffey S.A. 1986. A technique for the extraction and restriction endonuclease digestion of total DNA from Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida second‐stage juveniles. Revue de Nématol-ogie 9: 199–200.
Castagnone-Sereno, P., Danchin E.G.J., Deleury E., Guillemaud T., Malausa T., Abad P. 2010. Genome-wide survey analysis of microsatellite in nematodes, with the focus on the plant-parasitic species Meladogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 11: 598.
Chrisanfova G.G., Charchevnikov D.A., Popov I.O., Zinovieva S.V., Semyenova S. K. 2008. Genetic variabil-ity and differentiation of three Russian populations of potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis as revealed by nuclear markers. Russian Journal of Genetics 44(5): 533-538.
Da Conceição I.L., Santos M.C.V., de Oliviera Abrantes I.M., de Almeida Santos M.S. 2003. Using RAPD markers to analyze genetic diversity in Portuguese potato cyst nematode populations. Nematology 5: 137-143.
de Jong A.J., Bakker J., Roos M., Gommers F.J. 1989. Repetitive DNA and hybridization patterns demon-strate extensive variability between siblings species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Parasitolo-gy 99: 133-138.
Evans K., Franco J., de Scurrah M.M. 1975. Distribution of species of potato cyst nematodes in South Ameri-ca. Nematologica 21: 365-369.
Ferris V.R., Ferris J.M. 1992. Integration of classical and molecular approaches in nematode systematics. In: F. J. Gommers and P. W. Th. Maas (Eds.), Nematology from Molecule to Ecosystems, European Society of Nematologists, Inwergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, pp. 92-100.
Ferris V.R., Ferris J.M., Faghihi J. 1991. Biological diversity from the perspective of molecular biology. In: D. C. Dudley (Ed.), The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, Portland, OR, Dioscorides Press, pp. 71-76.
Ferris V.R., Ferris J.M., Faghihi J. 1993. Variation in spacer ribosomal DNA in some cyst forming species of plant parasitic nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16: 177-184.
Folkertsma R.T., Rouppe van der Voort J.N., van Gent-Pelzer M.P.E., de Groot K.E., van den Bos W.J.R., Schots A., Bakker J., Gommers F.J. 1994. Inter- and Intraspecific variation between populations of Glo-bodera rostochinesis and G. pallida revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Genetics, 84(8): 807-811.
Folkertsma R.T., Rouppe van der Voort J.N., de Groot K.E., van Zandvoort P.M., Schots A., Gommers F.J., Helder J., Bakker J. 1996. Gene pool similarities of potato cyst nematode populations assessed by AFLP analysis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction 9: 47-54.
Fullaondo A., Barrena E., Viribay M., Barrena I., Salazar A., Ritter E. 1999. Identification of potato cyst nematode species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida by PCR using specific primer combinations. Nematology 1: 157–163.
Gemayel R., Cho J., Boeynaems S., Verstrepen K.J. 2012. Beyond junk-variable tandem repeats as facilitators of rapid evolution of regulatory and coding sequences. Genes 2012(3): 461–480.
Greiner E., Bossis M., Fouville D., Renault L., Mugniery D. 2001. Molecular approaches to the taxonomic position of Peruvian potato cyst nematodes and gene pool similarities in indigenous and imported popu-lations of Globodera. Heredity 86: 277-290.
Harrison R.G., 1989. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 6-11.
Hinch J.M., Alberdi F., Smith S.C., Woodward J.R., Evans K. 1998. Discrimination of European and Australi-an Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida pathotypes by high performance capillary electrophore-sis. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21(2): 123-128.
Hlaoua W., Horrigue-Raouani N., Fouville D., Mugniery D. 2008. Morphological and molecular characteriza-tion of potato cyst nematode populations from Tunisia and survey of their probable geographical origin. Biotechnology 7(4): 651-659.
Hoolahan A.H., Blok V.C., Gibson T., Dowton M. 2012. A comparison of three molecular markers for the identification of population of Globodera pallida. Journal of Nematology 44(1): 7-17.
Hyman B.C., Powers T.O. 1991. Integration of molecular data with systematics of plant parasiting nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 28: 89-107.
Innan H., Nordborg M. 2002. Recombination or mutational hot spots in human mtDNA?. Molecular Biology Evolution 19: 1122-1127.
Jarne P., Lagoda P.J. 1996. Microsatellites, from molecules to population and back. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11(10): 44-429.
Kivisild T., Villems R., Jorde L.B., Bamshad M., Kumar S., Hedrick P., Dowling T., Stoneking M., Parsons T.J., Irwin J.A., Awandalla P., Eyre-Walker A., Smith A. 2000. Questioning evidence for recombination in human mitochondrial DNA. Science 288: 1931a.
Kort J., Ross H., Rumpenhorst H.J., Stone A.R. 1977. An international scheme for identifying and classifying pathotypes of potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Nematologica 23: 333-339.
Manduric S., Andersson S. 2003. Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) from Swe-dish potato cultivar – an AFLP study of their genetic diversity and relationships to other European popu-lations. Nematology 5(6): 851-858.
Nakhl, M.K., Owens K.J., Li W., Wei G., Skantar A.M., Levy L. 2010. Multiplex real-time PCR assays for the identification of the potato cyst and tobacco cyst nematodes. Plant Disease 94(8): 959-965.
Nicol J.M. Turner S.J., Coyne D.L., den Nijs L., Hockland S., Maafi Z.T. 2011. Current nematode threats to world agriculture. In: J. T. Jones, G. Gheysen and C. Fenoll (Eds.), Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 21-44.
Nowaczyk K., Dobosz R., Budziszewska M., Kamasa J., Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. 2011. Analysis of diver-sity of golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) populations from Poland using molecular approaches. Journal of Phytopathology 159: 759-766.
Oro V., Oro Radovanovic V. 2012. Molecular characterization of PCN populations from Serbia. Genetika 44(1): 189-200.
Pastrik K.H., Rumpenhorst H.J., Burgermeister W. 1995. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of a Globodera pallida population selected for virulence. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18(2): 109-114.
Perez-Jimenez M., Besnard G., Dorado G., Hernandez P. 2013. Varietal tracing of virgin olive oils based on plastid DNA variation profiling. PLoS One pp. 8.
Phillips M. S., Harrower B.E., Trudgill D.L., Waugh R., Catley M.A. 1992. Genetic variation in British popu-lations of Globodera pallida as revealed by isozyme and DNA analysis. Nematologica 38: 301-319.
Phumichai C., Phumichai T., Wongkaew A. 2015. Novel chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers for ge-netic diversity assessment of cultivated and wild Hevea rubber. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 33: 1486–1498.
Plantard O., Pickard D., Valette S., Scurahh M., Greiner E., Mugniery D. 2008. Origin and genetic diversity of Western European populations of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) inferred from mito-chondrial sequences and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology 17(9): 2208-2218.
Pont-Kingdon G.A., Okada N.A., Macfarlane J.L., Beagley C.T., Wolstenholme D.R. 1995. A coral mito-chondrial mutS gene. Nature 375: 109-111.
Pypylenko L.A., Phillips M.S., Blok V.C., 2008. Characterization of two Ukrainian populations of Globodera pallida in terms of their virulence and mtDNA, and the biological assessment of a new resistant cultivar Vales Everest. Nematology 10: 585-590.
Powers T.O., Adams B. 1993. Nucleotide sequences in nematode systematics. In: F. Lamberti, C. DeGiorgi and D. McK. Bird (Ends.), Advances in Molecular Plant Nematology, London, UK. Plenum, pp. 9-118.
Powers T. 2004. Nematode molecular diagnostics: from bands to barcodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42: 367-383.
Schnick D., Rumpenhorst H.J., Burgermeister W. 1990. Differentiation of closely related Globodera pallida (Stone) populations by means of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Journal of Phytopathology 130: 127-136.
Shield R., Fleming C.C., Stratford R. 1996. Identification of potato cyst nematode using the polymerase chain reaction. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19(2): 167-174.
Subbotin S.A., Halford P.D., Warry A., Perry R. 2000. Variation in ribosomal DNA sequences and phylogeny of Globodera parasitizing solanaceous plants. Nematology 2(6): 561-604.
Subbotin S.A., Moens M. 2006. Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny. In: R. N. Perry and M. Moens (Eds.), Plant Nematology, Wallingford, UK. CAB International, pp. 40-721.
Thiery M., Mugniery D. 2000. Microsatellite loci in the phytoparasitic nematode Globodera. Genome 43(1): 160-165.
Vos P., Hogers R., Blekker M., Reijans M., van de Lee T., Hornes M., Frijters A., Pot J., Peleman J., Kuiper M. 1995. AFLP: a new technique to DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research 23(21): 4407-4414.
Welsh J., McClelland M. 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 7213-7218.
Zabeau M., Vos P. 1993. Selective restriction fragment amplification: A general method for DNA fingerprint-ing. European Patent Application, No.: 92402629.7. Publication number EP 0534858. Google Scholar
Podlewska-Przetakiewicz, A., & Milczarek, D. (2020). MOLECULAR METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS AND GLOBODERA PALLIDA POPULATIONS. Plant Breeding and Seed Science, 80, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.37317/pbss-2019-0008
Authors
Anna Podlewska-Przetakiewicza.przetakiewicz@ihar.edu.pl
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Breeding Institute, Research Centre Radzikow, Department of Plant Pathology, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-7112
Authors
Dorota MilczarekPlantBreeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Research Centre Młochów, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-9038
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