Species of the genus Fusarium and Fusarium toxins in the grain of winter and spring wheat in Poland

Tomasz Góral

t.goral@ihar.edu.pl
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-6109

Piotr Ochodzki


Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-0783

Linda Kærgaard Nielsen


Sejet Plant Breeding, Nørremarksvej 67, 8700 Horsens, Denmark (Denmark)

Dorota Walentyn-Góral


Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland (Poland)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain from harvest in 2009 and 2010 in Poland. Samples from different locations were analyzed for the content of DNA of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. In 2009, DNA of F. graminearum and F. poae was present in all samples, F. culmorum in 82% of samples, and F. avenaceum in 55% of samples. In 2010, the highest content of DNA was found for F. graminearum followed by F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. langsethiae. The amount of F. culmorum DNA was very low. The most frequently occurring species were F. poae and F. graminearum, however, the amount of F. poae DNA was lower. In 2009, deoxynivalenol was detected in all samples. In 2010, the average content of deoxynivalenol was lower than in 2009. Nivalenol was detected at very low concentration in both years. Significant correlations between content of F. graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol concentration in the grain and between content of F. poae DNA and nivalenol concentration in the grain in 2009 were found.


Keywords:

deoxynivalenol, DNA, Fusarium head blight, nivalenol, real-time PCR, trichothecenes, zearalenone

Audenaert, K., van Broeck, R., van Bekaert, B., de Witte, F., Heremans, B., Messens, K., Höfte, M., & Haesaert, G. (2009). Fusarium head blight (FHB) in Flanders: population diversity, inter-species associations and DON contamination in commercial winter wheat varieties. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 125(3), 445–458.
Google Scholar

Beyer, M., Verreet, J.-A., & Ragab, W. S. M. (2005). Effect of relative humidity on germination of ascospores and macroconidia of Gibberella zeae and deoxynivalenol production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 98(3), 233–240.
Google Scholar

Bilska, K., Jurczak, S., Kulik, T., Ropelewska, E., Olszewski, J., Żelechowski, M., & Zapotoczny, P. (2018). Species composition and trichothecene genotype profiling of Fusarium field isolates recovered from wheat in Poland. Toxins, 10(8), 325.
Google Scholar

Birr, T., Hasler, M., Verreet, J.-A. & Klink, H. (2020) Composition and predominance of Fusarium species causing Fusarium head blight in winter wheat grain depending on cultivar susceptibility and meteorological factors. Microorganisms, 8, 617.
Google Scholar

Birzele, B., Meier, A., Hindorf, H., Krämer, J., & Dehne, H. W. (2002). Epidemiology of Fusarium infection and deoxynivalenol content in winter wheat in the Rhineland, Germany. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108, 667–673.
Google Scholar

Bottalico, A., & Perrone, G. (2002). Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108, 611–624.
Google Scholar

Bryła, M., Ksieniewicz-Woźniak, E., Yoshinari, T., Waśkiewicz, A., & Szymczyk, K. (2019). Contamination of wheat cultivated in various regions of Poland during 2017 and 2018 agricultural seasons with selected trichothecenes and their modified forms. Toxins, 11(2), 88.
Google Scholar

Chandelier, A., Nimal, C., André, F., Planchon, V., & Oger, R. (2011). Fusarium species and DON contamination associated with head blight in winter wheat over a 7-year period (2003–2009) in Belgium. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130(3), 403–414.
Google Scholar

Chełkowski, J., Gromadzka, K., Stępień, Ł., Lenc, L., Kostecki, M., & Berthiller, F. (2012). Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland. World Mycotoxin Journal, 5(2), 133–141.
Google Scholar

Chrpová, J., Šíp, V., Sumíková, T., Salava, J., Palicová, J., Štočková, L., Džuman, Z., & Hajšlová, J. (2016). Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain collected in the Czech Republic. World Mycotoxin Journal, 9(2), 317–327.
Google Scholar

Covarelli, L., Beccari, G., Prodi, A., Generotti, S., Etruschi, F., Juan, C., Ferrer, E., & Mañes, J. (2015). Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(3), 540–551.
Google Scholar

Czaban, J., Wróblewska, B., Sułek, A., Mikos, M., Boguszewska, E., Podolska, G., & Nieróbca, A. (2015). Colonisation of winter wheat grain by Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin content as dependent on a wheat variety, crop rotation, a crop management system and weather conditions. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 32(March), 799–807.
Google Scholar

Desjardins, A. E. (2003). Gibberella from A (venaceae) to Z (eae). Annual Review of Phytopathology, 41, 177–198.
Google Scholar

Dinolfo, M. I., & Stenglein, S. A. (2014). Fusarium poae and mycotoxins: Potential risk for consumers. Boletin de La Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 49(1), 5–20.
Google Scholar

Doohan, F. M., Parry, D. W., Jenkinson, P., & Nicholson, P. (1998). The use of species-specific PCR-based assays to analyse Fusarium ear blight of wheat. Plant Pathology, 47(2), 197–205.
Google Scholar

Edwards, S. G., Imathiu, S. M., Ray, R. V., Back, M., & Hare, M. C. (2012). Molecular studies to identify the Fusarium species responsible for HT-2 and T-2 mycotoxins in UK oats. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156(2), 168–175.
Google Scholar

Gagkaeva, T., Gavrilova, O., Orina, A., Lebedin, Y., Shanin, I., Petukhov, P., & Eremin, S. (2019). Analysis of toxigenic Fusarium species associated with wheat grain from three regions of Russia: Volga, Ural, and West Siberia. Toxins, 11(5).
Google Scholar

Giraud, F., Pasquali, M., El Jarroudi, M., Vrancken, C., Brochot, C., Cocco, E., Hoffmann, L., Delfosse, P., & Bohn, T. (2010). Fusarium head blight and associated mycotoxin occurrence on winter wheat in Luxembourg in 2007/2008. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 27(6), 825–835.
Google Scholar

Goliński, P., Perkowski, J., Kostecki, M., Grabarkiewicz-Szczȩsna, J., & Chełkowski, J. (1996). Fusarium species and Fusarium toxins in wheat in Poland - a comparison with neighbour countries. Sydowia, 48(1), 12–22.
Google Scholar

Gromadzka, K., Chełkowski, J., Stępień, Ł., & Goliński, P. (2008). Occurrence of zearalenone in wheat and maize grain in Poland. Cereal Research Communications, 36(Supplement 6), 361–363.
Google Scholar

Hofgaard, I. S., Aamot, H. U., Torp, T., Jestoi, M., Lattanzio, V. M. T., Klemsdal, S. S., Waalwijk, C., van der Lee, T., & Brodal, G. (2016). Associations between Fusarium species and mycotoxins in oats and spring wheat from farmers’ fields in Norway over a six-year period. World Mycotoxin Journal, 9(3), 365–378.
Google Scholar

Hörberg, H. M. (2002). Patterns of splash dispersed conidia of Fusarium poae and Fusarium culmorum. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108, 73–80.
Google Scholar

Horevaj, P., Milus, E. A., & Bluhm, B. H. (2011). A real-time qPCR assay to quantify Fusarium graminearum biomass in wheat kernels. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 111(2), 396–406.
Google Scholar

Imathiu, S. M., Edwards, S. G., Ray, R. V., & Back, M. A. (2013). Fusarium langsethiae – a HT-2 and T-2 toxins producer that needs more attention. Journal of Phytopathology, 161(1), 1–10.
Google Scholar

Isebaert, S., De Saeger, S., Devreese, R., Verhoeven, R., Maene, P., Heremans, B., & Haesaert, G. (2009). Mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species occurring in winter wheat in Belgium (Flanders) during 2002-2005. Journal of Phytopathology, 157(2), 108–116.
Google Scholar

Iwaniuk, P., Konecki, R., Snarska, K., & Łozowicka, B. (2018). Quantitative evaluation of Fusarium species and crop quality traits in wheat varieties of northeastern Poland. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 58(4), 413–419.
Google Scholar

Jestoi, M. N., Paavanen-Huhtala, S., Parikka, P., & Yli-Mattila, T. (2008). In vitro and in vivo mycotoxin production of Fusarium species isolated from Finnish grains. Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 41(8), 545–558.
Google Scholar

Kokkonen, M., Jestoi, M., & Laitila, A. (2012). Mycotoxin production of Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium sporotrichioides on cereal-based substrates. Mycotoxin Research, 28(1), 25–35.
Google Scholar

Kosiak, B., Torp, M., Skjerve, E., & Thrane, U. (2003). The prevalence and distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals: a survey. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 53(4), 168–176.
Google Scholar

Kulik, T., & Jestoi, M. (2009). Quantification of Fusarium poae DNA and associated mycotoxins in asymptomatically contaminated wheat. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 130(3), 233–237.
Google Scholar

Kuzdraliński, A., Nowak, M., Szczerba, H., Dudziak, K., Muszyńska, M., & Leśniowska-Nowak, J. (2017). The composition of Fusarium species in wheat husks and grains in south-eastern Poland. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(7), 1530–1536.
Google Scholar

Laszlo, E., Varga, B., & Veisz, O. (2011). Composition of Fusarium species causing natural spike infection in wheat. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 59(3), 255–260.
Google Scholar

Lenc, L., Czecholiński, G., Wyczling, D., Turów, T., & Kaźmierczak, A. (2015). Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium spp. on grain of spring wheat cultivars grown in Poland. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55(3), 266–277.
Google Scholar

Lindblad, M., Gidlund, A., Sulyok, M., Börjesson, T., Krska, R., Olsen, M., & Fredlund, E. (2013). Deoxynivalenol and other selected Fusarium toxins in Swedish wheat — Occurrence and correlation to specific Fusarium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(2), 284–291.
Google Scholar

Lukanowski, A., Lenc, L., & Sadowski, C. (2008). First Report on the occurrence of Fusarium langsethiae isolated from wheat kernels in Poland. Plant Disease, 92(3), 488–488.
Google Scholar

Lukanowski, A., & Sadowski, C. (2008). Fusarium langsethiae on kernels of winter wheat in Poland — Occurrence and mycotoxigenic abilities. Cereal Research Communications, 36, 453–457. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.40
Google Scholar

Maiorano, A., Blandino, M., Reyneri, A., & Vanara, F. (2008). Effects of maize residues on the Fusarium spp. infection and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of wheat grain. Crop Protection, 27(2), 182–188.
Google Scholar

Miller, J. D. (2008). Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: old problems, new challenges. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 25(2), 219–230.
Google Scholar

Nicolaisen, M., Suproniene, S., Nielsen, L. K., Lazzaro, I., Spliid, N. H., & Justesen, A. F. (2009). Real-time PCR for quantification of eleven individual Fusarium species in cereals. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 76(3), 234–240.
Google Scholar

Nielsen, L. K., Jensen, J. D., Nielsen, G. C., Jensen, J. E., Spliid, N. H., Thomsen, I. K., Justesen, A. F., Collinge, D. B., & Jørgensen, L. N. (2011). Fusarium head blight of cereals in Denmark: species complex and related mycotoxins. Phytopathology, 101(8), 960–969.
Google Scholar

Nielsen, L. K., Justesen, A. F., Jensen, J. D., & Jørgensen, L. N. (2013). Microdochium nivale and Microdochium majus in seed samples of Danish small grain cereals. Crop Protection, 43, 192–200.
Google Scholar

Niessen, L. (2007). PCR-based diagnosis and quantification of mycotoxin producing fungi. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119, 38–46.
Google Scholar

Obst, A., Gunther, B., Beck, R., Lepschy-von Gleissenthall, J., & Tischner, H. (2002). Weather conditions conducive to Gibberella zeae and Fusarium graminearum head blight of wheat. Journal of Applied Genetics, 43A, 185–192.
Google Scholar

Obst, A., Lepschy-von Gleissenthall, J., & Beck, R. (1997). On the etiology of Fusarium head blight of wheat in south Germany – preceding crops, weather conditions for inoculum production and head infection, proneness of the crop to infection and mycotoxin production. Cereal Research Communications, 25(3), 699–703.
Google Scholar

Parikka, P., Hakala, K., & Tiilikkala, K. (2012). Expected shifts in Fusarium species’ composition on cereal grain in Northern Europe due to climatic change. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 29(10), 1543–1555.
Google Scholar

Parry, D. W., Jenkinson, P., & McLeod, L. (1995). Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review. Plant Pathology, 44(2), 207–238.
Google Scholar

Perkowski J., Chełkowski J., Goliński P. (2004) Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals, plants, foods and feeds in Poland. In: Logrieco A., Visconti A. (eds) An Overview on Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Europe. Springer, Dordrecht.
Google Scholar

Perkowski, J., Plattner, R. D., Golinski, P., Vesonder, R. F., & Chelkowski, J. (1990). Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4,7-dideoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in Polish wheat. Mycotoxin Research, 6, 7–12.
Google Scholar

Perkowski, J., Stachowiak, J., Kiecana, I., Golinski, P., & Chelkowski, J. (1997). Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Polish cereals. Cereal Research Communications, 25(3), 379–380.
Google Scholar

Polišenská, I., Jirsa, O., Salava, J., Sedláčková, I., & Frydrych, J. (2021). Fusarium mycotoxin content and Fusarium species presence in Czech organic and conventional wheat. World Mycotoxin Journal, 14(2), 201–211.
Google Scholar

Polley, R. W., & Turner, J. A. (1995). Surveys of stem base diseases and fusarium ear diseases in winter wheat in England, Wales and Scotland, 1989–1990. Annals of Applied Biology, 126(1), 45–59.
Google Scholar

Scherm, B., Balmas, V., Spanu, F., Pani, G., Delogu, G., Pasquali, M., & Migheli, Q. (2013). Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(4), 323–341.
Google Scholar

Schollenberger, M., Müller, H. M., Rüfle, M., Suchy, S., Plank, S., & Drochner, W. (2006). Natural occurrence of 16 Fusarium toxins in grains and feedstuffs of plant origin from Germany. Mycopathologia, 161(1), 43–52.
Google Scholar

Somma, S., Alvarez, C., Ricci, V., Ferracane, L., Ritieni, A., Logrieco, A., & Moretti, A. (2010). Trichothecene and beauvericin mycotoxin production and genetic variability in Fusarium poae isolated from wheat kernels from northern Italy. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 27(5), 729–737.
Google Scholar

Stenglein, S. A. (2009). Fusarium poae: A pathogen that needs more attention. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91(1), 25–36.
Google Scholar

Stępień, Ł., & Chełkowski, J. (2010). Fusarium head blight of wheat: pathogenic species and their mycotoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal, 3(2), 107–119.
Google Scholar

Stȩpień, Ł., Popiel, D., Koczyk, G., & Chełkowski, J. (2008). Wheat-infecting Fusarium species in Poland - Their chemotypes and frequencies revealed by PCR assay. Journal of Applied Genetics, 49(4), 433–441.
Google Scholar

Sundheim, L., Brodal, G., Hofgaard, I. S., & Rafoss, T. (2013). Temporal variation of mycotoxin producing fungi in Norwegian cereals. Microorganisms, 1(1), 188–198.Supronienė, S., Justesen, A. F., Nicolaisen, M., Mankevičienė, A., Dabkevicius, Z., Semaskiene, R., & Leistrumaite, A. (2010). Distribution of trichothecene and zearalenone producing Fusarium species in grain of different cereal species and cultivars grown under organic farming conditions in Lithuania. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 17(1), 79–86.
Google Scholar

Supronienė, S., Sakalauskas, S., Mankevičienė, A., Barčauskaitė, K., & Jonavičienė, A. (2016). Distribution of B type trichothecene producing Fusarium species in wheat grain and relation to mycotoxins DON and NIV concentrations. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 103(3), 281–288.
Google Scholar

Talas, F., Parzies, H. K., & Miedaner, T. (2011). Diversity in genetic structure and chemotype composition of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto populations causing wheat head blight in individual fields in Germany. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 131(1), 39–48.
Google Scholar

Thrane, U., Adler, A., Clasen, P.-E., Galvano, F., Langseth, W., Lew, H., Logrieco, A., Nielsen, K. F., & Ritieni, A. (2004). Diversity in metabolite production by Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae, and Fusarium sporotrichioides. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 95(3), 257–266.
Google Scholar

Tomczak, M., Wiśniewska, H., Stȩpień, Ł., Kostecki, M., Chełkowski, J., & Goliński, P. (2002). Deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and moniliformin in wheat samples with head blight (scab) symptoms in Poland (1998-2000). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108(7), 625–630.
Google Scholar

Torp, M., & Langseth, W. (1999). Production of T-2 toxin by a Fusarium resembling Fusarium poae. Mycopathologia, 147(2), 89–96.
Google Scholar

Torp, M., & Nirenberg, H. I. (2004). Fusarium langsethiae sp. nov. on cereals in Europe. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 95, 247–256.
Google Scholar

Uhlig, S., Jestoi, M., & Parikka, P. (2007). Fusarium avenaceum – the North European situation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119(1–2), 17–24.
Google Scholar

Uhlig, S., Torp, M., & Heier, B. T. (2006). Beauvericin and enniatins A, A1, B and B1 in Norwegian grain: A survey. Food Chemistry, 94(2), 193–201.
Google Scholar

Vaughan, M., Backhouse, D., & Del Ponte, E. M. (2016). Climate change impacts on the ecology of Fusarium graminearum species complex and susceptibility of wheat to Fusarium head blight: A review. World Mycotoxin Journal, 9(5), 685–700. van der Fels-Klerx, H. J., de Rijk, T. C., Booij, C. J. H., Goedhart, P. W., Boers, E. A. M., Zhao, C., Waalwijk, C., Mol, H. G. J., & van der Lee, T. A. J. (2012). Occurrence of Fusarium head blight species and Fusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat in the Netherlands in 2009. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 29(11), 1716–1726.
Google Scholar

Vogelgsang, S., Beyer, M., Pasquali, M., Jenny, E., Musa, T., Bucheli, T. D., Wettstein, F. E., & Forrer, H. R. (2019). An eight-year survey of wheat shows distinctive effects of cropping factors on different Fusarium species and associated mycotoxins. European Journal of Agronomy, 105, 62–77.
Google Scholar

Vogelgsang, S., Sulyok, M., Hecker, A., Jenny, E., Krska, R., Schuhmacher, R., & Forrer, H. R. (2008). Toxigenicity and pathogenicity of Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum on wheat. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122(2), 265–276.
Google Scholar

Waalwijk, C., Kastelein, P., De Vries, I., Kerényi, Z., Van Der Lee, T., Hesselink, T., Köhl, J., & Kema, G. (2003). Major changes in Fusarium spp. in wheat in the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109(7), 743–754.
Google Scholar

Waalwijk, C., van der Heide, R., de Vries, I., van der Lee, T., Schoen, C., Costrel-de Corainville, G., Häuser-Hahn, I., Kastelein, P., Köhl, J., Lonnet, P., Demarquet, T., & Kema, G. H. J. (2004). Quantitative detection of Fusarium species in wheat using TaqMan. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 110(5–6), 481–494.
Google Scholar

Wiśniewska, H., Stępień, Ł., Waśkiewicz, A., Beszterda, M., Góral, T., & Belter, J. (2014). Toxigenic Fusarium species infecting wheat heads in Poland. Central European Journal of Biology, 9(2), 163–172.
Google Scholar

Wolny-Koladka, K., Lenart-Boroń, A., & Boroń, P. (2015). Species composition and molecular assessment of the toxigenic potential in the population of Fusarium spp. isolated from ears of winter wheat in southern Poland. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 144, 139–144.
Google Scholar

Xu, X.-M., Nicholson, P., Thomsett, M. A., Simpson, D., Cooke, B. M., Doohan, F. M., Brennan, J., Monaghan, S., Moretti, A., Mule, G., Hornok, L., Beki, E., Tatnell, J., Ritieni, A., & Edwards, S. G. (2008). Relationship between the fungal complex causing Fusarium head blight of wheat and environmental conditions. Phytopathology, 98(1), 69–78.
Google Scholar

Xu, X. M., Parry, D. W., Nicholson, P., Thomsett, M. A., Simpson, D., Edwards, S. G., Cooke, B. M., Doohan, F. M., Brennan, J. M., Moretti, a., Tocco, G., Mule, G., Hornok, L., Giczey, G., & Tatnell, J. (2005). Predominance and association of pathogenic fungi causing Fusarium ear blightin wheat in four European countries. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 112(2), 143–154.
Google Scholar

Xu, X. M., Parry, D. W., Nicholson, P., Thomsett, M. A., Simpson, D., Edwards, S. G., Cooke, B. M., Doohan, F. M., Monaghan, S., Moretti, A., Tocco, G., Mule, G., Hornok, L., Béki, E., Tatnell, J., & Ritieni, A. (2008). Within-field variability of Fusarium head blight pathogens and their associated mycotoxins. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 120(1), 21–34.
Google Scholar

Xu, X., & Nicholson, P. (2009). Community ecology of fungal pathogens causing wheat head blight. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47(1), 83–103.
Google Scholar

Xu, X., Parry, D. W., Nicholson, P., Thomsett, M. A., Simpson, D., Edwards, S. G., Cooke, B. M., Doohan, F. M., Van Maanen, A., Moretti, A., Tocco, G., Mule, G., Hornok, L., Giczey, G., Tatnell, J., & Ritieni, A. (2003). Is the amount of mycotoxins in cereal grains related to the quantity of Fusarium DNA? Aspects of Applied Biology, 68, 101–108.
Google Scholar

Xue, A. G., Chen, Y., Seifert, K., Guo, W., Blackwell, B. A., Harris, L. J., & Overy, D. P. (2019). Prevalence of Fusarium species causing head blight of spring wheat, barley and oat in Ontario during 2001–2017. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 41(3), 392–402.
Google Scholar

Yli-Mattila, T., Paavanen-Huhtala, S., Jestoi, M., Parikka, P., Hietaniemi, V., Gagkaeva, T., Sarlin, T., Haikara, A., Laaksonen, S., & Rizzo, A. (2008). Real-time PCR detection and quantification of Fusarium poae, F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae in cereal grains in Finland and Russia. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 41(4), 243–260.
Google Scholar

Download


Published
2021-11-17

Cited by

Góral, T. (2021) “Species of the genus Fusarium and Fusarium toxins in the grain of winter and spring wheat in Poland ”, Bulletin of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, (296), pp. 25–42. doi: 10.37317/biul-2021-0011.

Authors

Tomasz Góral 
t.goral@ihar.edu.pl
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-6109

Authors

Piotr Ochodzki 

Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-0783

Authors

Linda Kærgaard Nielsen  

Sejet Plant Breeding, Nørremarksvej 67, 8700 Horsens, Denmark Denmark

Authors

Dorota Walentyn-Góral 

Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland Poland

Statistics

Abstract views: 384
PDF downloads: 190


License

Copyright (c) 2021 Tomasz Góral, Piotr Ochodzki, Linda Kærgaard Nielsen , Dorota Walentyn-Góral

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Upon submitting the article, the Authors grant the Publisher a non-exclusive and free license to use the article for an indefinite period of time throughout the world in the following fields of use:

  1. Production and reproduction of copies of the article using a specific technique, including printing and digital technology.
  2. Placing on the market, lending or renting the original or copies of the article.
  3. Public performance, exhibition, display, reproduction, broadcasting and re-broadcasting, as well as making the article publicly available in such a way that everyone can access it at a place and time of their choice.
  4. Including the article in a collective work.
  5. Uploading an article in electronic form to electronic platforms or otherwise introducing an article in electronic form to the Internet or other network.
  6. Dissemination of the article in electronic form on the Internet or other network, in collective work as well as independently.
  7. Making the article available in an electronic version in such a way that everyone can access it at a place and time of their choice, in particular via the Internet.

Authors by sending a request for publication:

  1. They consent to the publication of the article in the journal,
  2. They agree to give the publication a DOI (Digital Object Identifier),
  3. They undertake to comply with the publishing house's code of ethics in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), (http://ihar.edu.pl/biblioteka_i_wydawnictwa.php),
  4. They consent to the articles being made available in electronic form under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, in open access,
  5. They agree to send article metadata to commercial and non-commercial journal indexing databases.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 > >>